Shahs book is more about oil biology, geology, ecology, recovery methods good insights on deep water drilling and the ocean ranger very fine book about crude oil and big oil. Exploration for crude oil discovery petroleum refining production for crude oil recovery desalting of crude oil distillation of crude oil hydrotreating of crude oil petroleum. A comprehensive guide to understanding and operating a modern crude oil desalter. Pretreatment of heavy crude oils for refining intechopen. American petroleum institute api gravity api rp brine btuhr burner calculations centrifugal pump chapter chemical coalescence coefficient combustion component compressor condensate control valve corrosion crude oil dehydration demulsifiers density desalting dew point diameter dilution water discussed droplets efficiency electrical electrostatic emulsion energy engineering enthalpy equation. With no new refineries being built, companies are spending their. There are many significant variables to control in the crude oil production process. Crude vacuum distillation and coking crude preheat and desalting question 1 have you experienced fouling on the crude side of preheat exchangers in desalted crude service.
Larry kremer, baker petrolite crude oil quality group may 29, 2003 this presentation contains the proprietary information of baker petrolite corporation. Construction boxscore hpi market data book process handbooks. Salt is dissolved within the remnant brine of the crude oil. Desalting of crude oil is an essential part of the refinery operation. The desalting process derives its name from the fact that soluble salts in the crude oil enter the aqueous phase and are easily removed by phase separation in the desalter.
A crude oil desalter is a device used in petroleum refineries to remove. The first oil refinery unit is crude oil desalting. The basic fouling mechanismscrystallization, particulate, chemical reaction, corrosion, and biological foulingare described with particular focus on the mechanisms underlying crude oil fouling. Fundamentals of petroleum and petrochemical engineering. Pretreatment of crude oil by ultrasonicelectric united desalting.
Fhr processes a type of crude oil known as heavy, sour crude oil heavy, because it contains more asphalt than most crudes, and sour because it contains a lot of sulfur. The book also contains unique chapters on midstream operations, learnings from major accidents, and safetyenvironmental laws and regulations. Oil processing and conditioning, this 1day course will cover the oil processing and conditioning of a surface facilities system. Answer book arizona biltmore phoenix, arizona october 8 11, 2006. When a mixture from many crude oil sources is processed in.
A desalter is a process unit in an oil refinery that removes salt from the crude oil. The essential preliminaries for the exploration and production of crude petroleum oil and gas analysis of crude oil and its petroleum products the processing of petroleum in refineries the fundamentals of lubricating oil and grease. I have 60000 bpd of oil with 4000 ptb, and 5% wash water with 400 ptb. Salt and water content specifications are even more rigid because of their negative effect in downstream processes due to corrosion, and catalyst deactivation. The salt content after the desalter is usually measured in ptb pounds of salt per thousand barrels of crude oil. These emulsions are droplets of water or brine dispersed in a continuous phase of crude oil. If crude oil is left untreated, when it is processed in a refinery the salt can cause various operating and maintenance problems. Unfortunately, the properties routinely measured by oil producers and refiners are not the ones that onscene commanders need to know most urgently. Feb 01, 2015 9780128006306 high acid crudes james g. Salt in the crude stream presents serious corrosion and scaling problems and must be removed. Polymeric schiff base ligands lead to novel structural types and. The salt content of the crude measured in pounds per thousand barrels ptb can be as high as 2000. Though the refinery is the most economical place for desalting, pipeline requirements often necessitate field desalting. Wasanmechanisms of stabilization of waterincrudeoil emulsion.
If process design for desalting crude oil is to be carried out can the design be done using any simulation software. The saltsmay be present in crude oil in amounts ranging from a few pounds to over lb. Ultrasonicelectric united process is a novel technology for treating the high saltcontenting oil. Chapter 1 introduces the topic of crude oil fouling and starts with a description of fouling in a typical crude distillation unit. The global crude oil desalter market to register a revenue of more than usd 280 million by 2022. Introduction when the crude oil enters the unit, it carries with it some brine in the form of very fine water droplets emulsified in the crude oil. The oil industry is one of the most successful and important in the world pumping billions in tax to various governments.
Crude oil desalting technology is utilised to remove residual salt to meet these requirements. The modern petroleum refinery has a series of core process units that create clean gasoline and low sulfur diesel fuel. Desalting is the first refining process applied to crude oil. However, the deferrization and desalting technology of crude oil. The desalting of crude oil is a process that does not have a high profile, but is vital to the operation of the modern petroleum refinery. The salt content of the crude measured in pounds per thousand barrels can be as high as 2000. The thermal treatment of hydrocarbons follows a free radical mechanism where cracking reactions take place in the initiation step. Pdf experimental investigation of crude oil desalting and. If the desalter can process or water concentration fluctuations in the crude feedstock. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum.
In compliance with european union eu legislation for visitors from the eu, next requests your permission to place cookies on your computer to both improve your experience and to help us improve our website. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 2. The water should be relatively soft in order to prevent scaling. Subject terms desalting, thermal, membrane, multistage flash distillation, multieffect distillation, vapor compression, reverse. Non standard tests for predict impact of crude oil quality on. Functions of demulsifiers in the petroleum industry. Designing and testing a chemical demulsifier dosage. Electrostatics separation technology free ebook download as powerpoint presentation.
Three highiron crude oils were studied for iron distributions, deferrization, and desalting in the desalting process. Step 1 in the refining process is to remove these contaminants so as to reduce corrosion, plugging, and fouling of equipment and to prevent poisoning catalysts in processing units. It is motivated by the recent record increase and subsequent crash in crude oil prices. High oil content in the desalter effluent water can cause environmental constraints. Petroleum refining design and applications handbook wiley.
Desalting involves mixing heated crude oil with washing water, using a mixing valve or static mixers to ensure a proper contact between the crude oil and the water, and then passing it to a separating vessel, where a proper separation between the aqueous and organic phases is achieved. Oil desalting systems provide protection to capital intensive processing equipment by removing the salt component from crude oil. The nature of crude oil emulsions changes continuously as the producing field depletes and conditions change with time. An optimum formulation concept is presented to describe emulsion breaking in. The desalting is usually the first process in crude oil refining. Crude oil desalter and electrostatic dehydrator market. Control structure design for crude oil quality improvement in a. American petroleum institute api gravity api rp brine btuhr burner calculations centrifugal pump chapter chemical coalescence coefficient combustion component compressor condensate control valve corrosion crude oil dehydration demulsifiers density desalting dew point diameter dilution water discussed droplets efficiency electrical electrostatic emulsion energy engineering enthalpy equation equipment estimate factor feed field fired heaters firetube flame flare flow rate fluid fraction fts. Directdistribution desalting mode for heavy feeds and opportunity crudes. Crude oil desalting the presence salts in crude oil the water droplets are so small that they cannot settle by gravity. Non standard tests for predict impact of crude oil quality on desalting. Step 2 most typical methods of crude oil desalting are chemical.
Electrostatics separation technology emulsion colloid. The text also provides a detailed introduction to refinery engineering topics, ranging from the basic principles and unit operations to overall refinery economics. Crude oil flowing from upstream production separators is partially degassed before entering a dehydrator. Petroleum is typically produced as a waterinoil emulsion. Possible routes of formation of crude oil fouling deposits. There is a renaissance that is occurring in chemical and process engineering, and it is crucial for todays scientists, engineers, technicians, and operators to stay current. Learn how a crude oil desalter functions and operates from an experienced engineer who has worked in design, operations and chemicals. Hi guys, i am trying to perform a simple mass balance on a single stage desalter.
Crude oil desalter encyclopedia article citizendium. The salt is dissolved in the water in the crude oil, not in the crude oil itself. The process removes salt, water and solid particles that would otherwise lead to operational problems during refining such as corrosion, fouling of equipment, or poisoning of catalysts. Feb 23, 20 single stage desalter mass balance posted in student. The wash water to oil ratio is 34 for light oils of api 30 o and 710 for light oils of api crude oil desalting technology is utilised to remove residual salt to meet these requirements. The impacts of the price changes were broad and altered industrial. Modeling and optimization of crude oil desalting by shahrokh ilkhaani a thesis presented to the university of waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for. Engineering design guideline crude unit desalter system. In the case of waterincrudeoil emulsions, a balanced optimum formulation. With so many changes over the last few decades in equipment and processes, petroleum refining is almost a living document, constantly needing updating. Deferric agents te3 and te4 of the polyamine carboxylate types had a better. Single stage desalter mass balance student cheresources. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals refining james g.
Single stage desalter mass balance posted in student. Desalters provide more protection to costly refinery equipment than any other single piece of process hardware. The temperature is limited by the vapor pressure of the crude oil feedstock. The crude oil is heated and mixed with sweet water and often demulsifiers in order to dilute the salt, and the emulsion is separated in the electroseparators.
Pdf functions of demulsifiers in the petroleum industry. The water should be slightly acidic with a ph in the range of 6. In this paper, a welldesigned dehydrationdesalting plant of crude oil is modeled and simulated in dynamic mode using aspen. Furthermore, these fine droplets have on their surfaces big asphaltene molecules with the fine solid particles coming from sediments, sands or corrosion products. In the stabilization mechanism is accepted that water droplets are. I know that water effluent is 6667 bpd and crude oil effluent contains 0.
Hazards of organic chloride to petroleum processing in. The two most typical methods of crudeoil desalting, chemical and electrostatic. By reading this presentation, the reader agrees not to disclose any information contained in the presentation without. Possible routes of formation of crude oil fouling deposits are then discussed. When the crude oil enters the unit, it carries with it some brine in the form of very fine water droplets emulsified in the crude oil. Desalting is commonly performed using electrostatic separating tanks, 50100m 3, operating at relatively high pressures of about 20 bar, and temperatures up to 160 o c. The violent twilight of oil published about the same time. Global crude oil desalter market 20182022, has been prepared based on an indepth market analysis. This book is the most uptodate and comprehensive coverage of the most significant and recent changes to petroleum refining, presenting the stateoftheart to the engineer, scientist, or student. Fundamentals of petroleum refining presents the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, and it explains the scientific background essential for understanding refinery operations. May 27, 2010 the aim of this paper is to present an artificial neural network ann controller trained on a historical data set that covers a wide operating range of the fundamental parameters that affect the demulsifier dosage in a crude oil desalting process. Micellization is therefore an alternative mechanism for adsorption at the interfaces for.
Many oil production processes present a significant challenge to oil and water treating equipment design and operations. It is known that inorganic chlorides such as nacl, mgcl 2, cacl 2, etc. There are two kinds of chlorides in crude oil, one is inorganic chloride, i. Ultrasonicelectric united process is a novel technology for treating the high salt contenting oil. The transportation of these crude oils through pipe lines has led to erosiveand corrosive effects, which are a tremendous cost to the petroleum industry. Study on the deferrization and desalting for crude oils. The purpose of crude oil desalting is to remove these undesirable impurities, especially salts and water, from the crude oil prior to distillation. A novel approach in the dehydration of crude oil authors. Filled with crucial information relevant to a range of applications, the book covers topics such as. Challenges to desalting heavycrude oil lawrence n kremer on.
I purchased this book expecting it to give me a history of crude instead the book was a left wing anti oil whinge. This design guideline covers the basic elements of crude unit desalter system design. This article focuses on the use of electrostatic desalters to produce a dehydrated, desalted crude oil with a low sediment content. Introduction properties of crude oils and oil products vii during any oil spill incident, the properties of the spilled oil must be known immediately. Crude oil desalting principles of crude oil desalting desalting is an integral part of refinery crude oil processing and can be the key to controlling pipestill corrosion, heat exchanger fouling, furnace tube coking, and process water disposal.
In order to meet state and federal standards for clean burning transportation fuels, fhr must treat the oil. The type and size of the desalter that is used is dependent on. The type and size of the desalter that is used is dependent on a number of fundamental factors such as pressure, temperature, fluid viscosity and flowrate, as well as customer requirements. The book is based on the authors experience dealing with many crude units and also reflects the industrys consensus experiences reported at past meetings of the nace stg34 committee on petroleum refining and gas processing and the api subcommittee on corrosion and materials. Electric desalting and dewatering of crude oil emulsion based on. Crude oil desalting type of washing water process water in addition to fresh water is used for desalting. An electrostatic dehydrator also referred to as an electrostatic treater, electrostatic separator, or electrostatic coalescer uses electricity to remove dispersed water droplets from oil. The designed controller was tested and implemented on. The mechanism of demulsification by polyesteramines maybe deduced from these properties. In the stabilization mechanism is accepted that water droplets are stabilized. Most underground oil reservoirs have a natural water layer called formation water which lies underneath the hydrocarbons. Desalting is a waterwashing operation performed initially at the production field and thereafter at the refinery site for additional crude oil cleanup. This purpose of this thesis is to form a general understanding on price formation of crude oil in the short and the long run.
Covers process descriptions, design method, operating procedures, and troubleshooting in great detail. I have lots of questions regarding desalting crude oil. View test prep crude oil dehydration and desalting. Crude oil fouling is a longstanding problem in oil refineries that impacts operations, energy efficiency, and costs and has severe environmental and health and safety implications.
Development of a novel terpolymer as a green and efficient decalcifying agent for crude petroleum. A crude oil desalter is a device used in petroleum refineries to remove inorganic salts, water and sediment from the incoming petroleum crude oil feedstock before it is refined. Crude oil treating and oil desalting systems on globalspec. The salt content in the crude oil varies depending on source of the crude oil. Study on the deferrization and desalting for crude oils energy. Flexibility in desalting operations for opportunity crudes. Desalting removes both salt and the residual free water. The focus of day three will be about crude oil desalting. This salt needs to be removed so that the crude oil can be processed in a refinery or stabilizer plant without fouling heaters and exchangers and other equipment. Purpose of crude oil desalting crude oil introduced to refinery processing contains many undesirable impurities, such as sand, inorganic salts, drilling mud, polymer, corrosion byproduct, etc. Desalting of heavy crude oil by using centrifugal technology.